Requests and Culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese

The present study is concerned with the study of politeness in the context of cross-cultural pragmatics. Specifically, the investigation reported here may contribute to cross-cultural pragmatics by applying and developing Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (Brown and Levinson, 1978  1987), notably with respect to requests and responses to off-record requests. Brown and Levinson have made a significant contribution to theory, but as they themselves acknowledge (Ibid.: 11), they have not provided an equally sound methodology, and in this study, I attempt to put their politeness theory on to a more secure methodological footing, to be discussed in more detail in chapter 5.

Since its first publication in 1978, Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness has been subject to many criticisms. Taking account of such criticisms, and considering their theory in more detail, I will attempt to argue that:
1. the variables determining politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson are valid  and
2. Brown and Levinson’s framework is still valid for cross-cultural comparison.

 Cara Download
=================================================================

Contemporary Linguistics - An Introduction

 Contemporary Linguistics can be used from first year through to final year as a main text for students taking degree courses in linguistics, English language and cognitive science and by MA students on TEFL courses. It is also highly suitable for students taking language options in media and cultural studies, modern language, psychology and philosophy, as well as for speech therapy courses. Contemporary Linguistics : An introduction is a comprehensive, fully up-to-date introduction to linguistics. The book covers not only how language is structured, but also how it functions both socially and culturally, and how it is acquired and processed by speakers. It will prepare students to go on to more advanced work and, at the same time, will serve as a basic reference that students can continue to consult throughout their studies. The text explores all the core areas of linguistics as well as numerous interdisciplinary and related areas. * Core topics covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, the genetic and typological classification of the languages of the world, and historical linguistics. * Interdisciplinary areas discussed include language and the brain, psycholinguistics - the study of language processing, first and second language acquisition, language in social contexts and the fast-growing area of computational linguistics. * Related areas explored include writing systems and animal communication.

Part I

 

Part II

 

 Cara Download

 ==============================================================

An Introduction to Language (9th Edition)

 Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE, Ninth Edition, is appropriate for a variety of fields including education, languages, psychology, anthropology, English, and teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. This completely updated edition retains the clear descriptions, humor, and seamless pedagogy that have made the text a perennial best-seller, while adding new information and exercises that render each topic fresh, engaging, and current.

 Cara Download
================================================================

Reported Discourse: A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains (Typological Studies in Language)

 Almost all papers present a major shift away from analyzing reported discourse with the help of abstract transformational principles toward embedding it in functional and pragmatic aspects of language.
Another central methodological approach pervading this collection consists in the discourse-oriented examination of reported discourse based on large corpora of spoken or written texts which is increasingly replacing analyses of constructed de-contextualized utterances prevalent in many earlier treatments.
The book closes with a comprehensive bibliography on reported discourse of about 1.000 entries.

 Cara Download
================================================================

The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology

 Geert Booij's popular textbook examines how words are formed, compounded, and inflected in different languages. It shows how, when, and why to use methods of morphological analysis and explains how morphology relates to syntax, phonology, and semantics. The author considers the universal characteristics of morphology and how these are reflected in the workings of mind. The revised edition has been revised and updated throughout  it has a full glossary and a new chapter on the field's most notorious problem: the status of the word.

'The Grammar of Words by Geert Booij covers a broad range of topics from structural questions to psycholinguistic issues and problems of language change. This introduction to morphology is thorough and accessible and, like other works by this renowned author, especially strong at showing the significance of empirical facts for theoretical reasoning.' Ingo Plag, University of Siegen.

 Cara Download
==============================================================

From Speech Physiology to Linguistic Phonetics

 Author(s)         :           Alain Marchal

Publisher         :           Wiley-ISTE

Date                :           2009-09-22     

Format             :           PDF    

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           1848211139   

Pages               :           240     

ISBN13           :           9781848211131         

Uploader         :           tulip_flower     

Communicating by speech is seemingly one of the most natural activities for humans. However, despite its apparent obviousness and ease, speech production is a very complex activity with multiple levels of organization involved with transforming cognitive intent into a meaningful sequence of sounds. This book establishes a connection between the physiology of speech and linguistics, and provides a detailed account of speech production processes, indicating how various languages of the world make use of human anthropophonic capacities. The book also offers new insights into the possible ways in which articulatory-based phonetics and phonology might be unified, making it essential reading matter for anyone involved in this field. Numerous illustrations are included which enhance the reader’s understanding.

 Cara Download
================================================================

The American Language

 Author(s)         :           H.L. Mencken

Publisher         :           Knopf

Date                :           1984   

Format             :           EPUB, MOBI

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           0394400755   

Pages               :           816     

ISBN13           :           9780394400754         

Uploader         :           tarantoga    




The American Language, first published in 1919, is H. L. Mencken's book about the English language as spoken in the United States.

Mencken was inspired by "the argot of the colored waiters" in Washington, as well as one of his favorite authors, Mark Twain, and his experiences on the streets of Baltimore. In 1902, Mencken remarked on the "queer words which go into the making of 'United States.'" The book was preceded by several columns in The Evening Sun. Mencken eventually asked "Why doesn't some painstaking pundit attempt a grammar of the American language... English, that is, as spoken by the great masses of the plain people of this fair land?" It would appear that he answered his own question.

In the tradition of Noah Webster, who wrote the first American dictionary, Mencken wanted to defend "Americanisms" against a steady stream of English critics, who usually isolated Americanisms as borderline barbarous perversions of the mother tongue. Mencken assaulted the prescriptive grammar of these critics and American "schoolmarms", arguing, like Samuel Johnson in the preface to his dictionary, that language evolves independently of textbooks.

The book discusses the beginnings of "American" variations from "English", the spread of these variations, American names and slang over the course of its 374 pages. According to Mencken, American English was more colorful, vivid, and creative than its British counterpart.
    

 Cara Download
================================================================

McGraw-Hill's Conversational American English

 Author(s)         :           Richard Spears

Publisher         :           McGraw-Hill

Date                :           2010-11-22     

Format             :           PDF    

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           0071741313   

Pages               :           224     

ISBN13           :           9780071741316         

Uploader         :           alex21s     





Learn more than 3,000 English expressions and speak and understand the language easily
As a new speaker of English, you may hear some expressions in your daily conversations that you do not understand yet. Conversational American English will help you learn these expressions, so not only do you know what a person is saying to you, but that you can use the expression yourself! More than 3,000 expressions are organized by theme, so you can find what you are looking for quickly. And each topic is illustrated to further help you understand context.

The book features:
Common expressions are batched into 350 themes, ranging from general greetings and asking how someone is, to the more specific needs, like showing disbelief, asking someone’s intentions, and expressions for a forgotten word or name
A comprehensive thematic glossary provides an additional means for the learner to locate expressions by key words and concepts

Topics include: Basic Social Encounters, Greetings, Small Talk, Introductions, Ending a Conversation, Good-Byes, Agreeing, Disagreeing Conversational Encounters, Focusing Attention, Launching the Conversation, Making Friends, Complex Matters, Disputes, Discussion and Resolution, Polite Encounters, Prefaces, Communication Barriers
        

 Cara Download
=============================================================

Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax

 Author(s)         :           C. Jan-Wouter Zwart

Publisher         :           John Benjamins Pub Co

Date                :           2003-01          

Format             :           PDF    

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           1588112683   

Pages               :           398                 

ISBN13           :           9781588112682         

Uploader         :           tulip_flower                  This volume presents a collection of articles reporting on new research carried out within the theoretical framework of generative grammar on the comparative syntax of the Germanic languages. Divided in four main sections, the book focuses on issues of subordination and complementation (with emphasis on German/Dutch and Danish), displacement phenomena discussed in relation with richness of morphology (with special attention to English, German/Dutch, and Norwegian, as well as presenting more general discussion of the issue), language variation and change (studying historical English syntax and Frisian contact dialects), and the syntax-semantics interface viewed from a Germanic perspective (addressing ellipsis, reflexivity, and the behaviour of quantifiers).






 Cara Download
===============================================================

International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English

 

Author(s)         :           Peter Trudgill

Publisher         :           Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

Date                :           1994   

Format             :           PDF    

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           0000000000                           

Uploader         :           tulip_flower                




International English is an accessible and entertaining introduction to the main varieties of English spoken throughout the world. The third edition has been expanded and updated to add substantial new information on regional and ethnic varieties of American English. It also examines a wide range of non-native varieties of English, from West Africa to Bangladesh, and Pakistan to the Philippines. 

 Cara Download
===============================================================

Morphology the Descriptive Analysis of Words

Author(s)         :           Nida

Publisher         :           Univ of Michigan Pr

Date                :           1949-06          

Format             :           PDF    

Language        :           English           

ISBN10           :           0472086847   

Pages               :           342                 

ISBN13           :           9780472086849         

Uploader         :           tulip_flower                  


The present volume is a complete revision of a work of the same title published in I946 in the University of Michigan Publications in Linguistics. But instead of setting up morphological and phonological processes as basic to the descriptive methodology, it treats the morpheme together with its allomorphs as the fundamental feature.










 Cara Download
=================================================================

Discourse Analysis

Author(s)         :     Gillian Brown, George Yule
Publisher          :     Cambridge University Press
Date                 :     August 31, 1983    

Format             :     PDF    

Language         :     English    

ISBN10           :     0521284759    
Pages               :     283    

OCR                :     Y    

Quality              :     BW
Uploader          :     onecoder   



Discourse analysis is a term that has come to have different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist, it is concerned mainly with the structure of social interaction manifested in conversation  for a psycholinguist, it is primarily concerned with the nature of comprehension of short written texts  for the computational linguist, it is concerned with producing operational models of text-understanding within highly limited contexts. In this textbook, the authors provide an extensive overview of the many and diverse approaches to the study of discourse, but base their own approach centrally on the discipline which, to varying degrees, is common to them all - linguistics. Using a methodology which has much in common with descriptive linguistics, they offer a lucid and wide-ranging account of how forms of language are used in communication. Their principal concern is to examine how any language produced by man, whether spoken or written, is used to communicate for a purpose in a context. The discussion is carefully illustrated throughout by a wide variety of discourse types (conversations recorded in different social situations, extracts from newspapers, notices, contemporary fiction, graffiti, etc.). The techniques of analysis are described and exemplified in sufficient detail for the student to be able to apply them to any language in context that he or she encounters. A familiarity with elementary linguistics is assumed, but the range of issues discussed in conjunction with the variety of exemplification presented will make this a valuable and stimulating textbook not only for students of linguistics, but for any reader who wishes to investigate the principles underlying the use of language in natural contexts to communicate and understand intended meaning.





Click below to download





   

 Cara Download
==================================================================

The handbook of Sociolinguistics

During the past four and a half decades, studies of the relations between language and society have coalesced to form the field of academic research known as sociolinguistics. In 1952 the late Haver C. Currie published a paper, first drafted in 1949, entitled “Projection of sociolinguistics: the relationship of speech to social status” (reprinted in 1971). It took some time for the term “sociolinguistics,” for which Currie claims priority, to take root, but by the early 1960s the first sociolinguistic conferences were being held and anthologies of articles dealing with properties of language calling for the inclusion of social factors in their analysis had started to appear. In the meantime, hundreds of research papers and books on the social organization of language behavior have been published, and sociolinguistics has become a recognized branch of the social sciences with its own scholarly journals, conferences, textbooks, and readers of seminal articles. The sociolinguistic enterprise has grown so much that it is difficult to keep up with developments in its various sub-fields. Written by leading researchers in the field, this Handbook offers an introduction to and an overview of the state of the art in key areas of sociolinguistic inquiry.

To download the book click the download button below: 













 Cara Download
================================================================

Linguistics for Beginners

This popular introductory linguistics text is unique in the way various themes are integrated throughout the book. One primary theme is the question, "How is a speaker's communicative intent recognized?" Rather than treat phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics as completely separate fields, the text shows how they interact in principled ways. Similarly, language variation and acquisition are informed by results in these fields. The text provides a sound introduction to linguistic methodology while also revealing why people are intrinsically interested in language—the ultimate puzzle of the human mind.

The fifth edition has been thoroughly revised. Revisions include, but are not limited to, the addition of "selected readings" sections, updated examples, new discussion on the creative nature of neologisms, and the use of IPA as the primary transcription system throughout. This edition also includes an account of the patterns of occurrence of reduced vowels in English. An understanding of these patterns enables the reader to write a phonemic transcription of any English word.



To download the book click the download button below:

Cara Download

================================================================

Pragmatics by George Yule

 This book is designed to give a large-scale view of different areas of language. It should be used as an introduction to more specific ... introductions. The titles in the series are all divided into four sections: Survey, Readings, References and Glossary. 

The Survey of Pragmatics contains nine chapters, each of roughly 10 pages: 1) Definitions and background; 2) Deixis and Reference; 3) Reference and inference; 4) Presupposition and entailment; 5)Cooperation and implicature; 6) Speech acts and events; 7)Politeness and interaction; 8) Conversation and preference structure; 9) Discourse and culture.

The Readings are one-page texts extracted from the specialized literature and are followed by a couple of questions. The References help the reader providing him with a selection of titles for every chapter of the Survey. The proposed books are classified in terms of difficulty, from introductory to advanced level. Technical terms are in bold and are explained once more in the Glossary at the back of the book.

I think the author has succeeded in giving a bird's view of several fields of pragmatics. Of course, the discussion is somewhat condensed and could, at least at some points, be clearer or give some more details. But one should be aware of the difficulty of explaining a lot of stuff to people with no assumed prior knowledge of the subject and having only 90 pages at one's disposal! Nonetheless, I missed formal definitions of technical terms in the Survey. The author often gives them only indirectly, and the reader must extract them himself from the text. Sincerely, I did not find the Readings useful at all and I would have wished to find more titles and more details in the comments under each of them in the References. 

To download the book click the download button below:

 

 Cara Download

===============================================

Basic English Syntax with Exercises

The target audience for the book is BA students, covering the introductory syntax level and going through to more advanced BA level material. For this reason, the book starts from the beginning and tries to make as few assumptions as possible about linguistic notions. The first two chapters are a fairly substantial introduction to grammatical concepts both from a descriptive and a theoretical point of view. This material alone, along with the exercises, could form the basis of an introduction to a syntax course. The latter chapters then address specific aspects of the English language and how the concepts and grammatical mechanisms introduced in the first two chapters can be applied to these to enable an understanding of why they are as they are. As the book relies on a ‘building’ process, starting out at basic concepts and adding to these to enable the adequate description of some quite complex and subtle phenomena, we have also provided an extensive glossary, so that if you happen to forget a concept that was introduced in one part of the book and made use of in another, then it is easy to keep yourself reminded as you read. Obviously, another feature that we hope is more student-friendly is the exercises, of which we have a substantial amount. These range in type and level, from those which you can use to check your understanding of the text, to those which get you to think about things which follow from the text, but which are not necessarily discussed there. Some are easy and some will make you think. A fairly unique aspect of the book is that it also provides model answers to the exercises so that you can check to see whether you were on the right track with your answer and also for you to learn from making mistakes is one of the best ways to learn. But if you never know what mistakes you made, you can’t learn from them. Obviously, the best way to use the exercises and model answers is to have a go at the exercises by yourself first and then go and read the model answers. While you may be able to learn something by reading the model answers without having a go at the exercises, it is doubtful that you will get as much out of them.

To download the book click the download button below:

 

 Cara Download

==============================================================

An Introduction to English Morphology

This is a textbook for students of the English language or of English

literature, not primarily for students of linguistics. Nevertheless, what

I say will be consistent with mainstream linguistic views on word-structure, so any readers who go on to more advanced linguistics will not encounter too many inconsistencies.

A good way of teasing apart the ingredients in the notion ‘word’ is

by explicitly contrasting them. Here are the contrasts that we will be

looking at, and the chapters where they will be discussed:

• words as units of meaning versus units of sentence structure (Chapters 2, 6, 7)

• words as pronounceable entities (‘word forms’) versus more abstract entities (sets of word forms) (Chapters 3, 4, 5)

• inflectionally related word forms (forms of the same ‘word’) versus derivationally related words (different ‘words’ with a shared base) (Chapters 4, 5)

• the distinction between compound words and phrases (Chapters 6, 7)

• the relationship between the internal structure of a word and its meaning (Chapter 7)

• productive versus unproductive word-forming processes (Chapter 8)

• historical reasons for some of the contemporary divisions within English morphology, especially Germanic versus Romance wordformation processes (Chapter 9).

Each of Chapters 2 to 9 inclusive is provided with exercises. This is designed to make the book suitable for a course extending over about ten weeks. Relatively full discussions of the exercises are also provided at the end of the book. For those exercises that are open-ended (that is, ones for which there is no obvious ‘right’ answer), these discussions serve to illustrate and extend points made in the chapter.

As befits a book aimed at students of English rather than linguistics students, references to the technical literature are kept to a minimum. However, the ‘Recommendations for reading’ at the end of each chapter

contain some hints for any readers who would like to delve into this literature, as well as pointing towards more detailed treatments of English morphology in particular. Finally, I would like to encourage comments and criticisms. My choice of what to emphasise and what to leave out will inevitably not please everyone, nor will some of the details of what I say. I hope, however, that even those who find things to disagree with in this book will also find it useful for its intended introductory purpose, whether as students, teachers or general readers.

To download the book click download button bellow:

 

 Cara Download

=================================================================